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ISSN: 2322 - 0902 (P) ISSN: 2322 - 0910 (O)

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research Research Article PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF RAJATA YOGA M.Durga Bhavani1*, Ch.Sridurga2

*1P.G Scholar Final year, 2Associate Professor & HOD, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaisajya kalpana, S.V.Ayurvedic College, T.T.D, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Rasa Shastra is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the processing of minerals and metals having therapeutic importance. Rajata comes under the group of metals having high therapeutic values. Minerals and metals are mostly used in the form of Bhasma. There is no specific Anupana mentioned for Rajata, it depends upon Dosha and disease. Rajata bhasma when given with proper Anupana is indicated in all types of diseases. Rajata Yoga is one such formulation mentioned in Rasa Tarangini, indicated in Prameha. Rajata bhasma, Twak churna, Ela churna and Patra churna are the main ingredients. The present study has been planned to standardize the method of preparation of a Herbo-mineral formulation i.e., Rajata Yoga. Samanya Shodhana and Visesha Shodhana procedures were adopted for Rajata patra (50g). After Visesha Shodhana, 48g of obtained coarse Rajata patra were subjected to Marana with equal quantity of Kajjali (48g) and sufficient quantity of Kumari Swarasa as Bhavana dravya. Totally 25 Putas were given to attain Rajata bhasma (90g) which passed all Bhasma lakshanas as mentioned in our classics. Rajata bhasma (45g) was mixed with Trijataka churna (Twak churna-300g; Ela churna -300g and Patra churna – 300g) to form homogenous 945g of Rajata Yoga. Thus it can be concluded that ‘Supaka’ i.e. neither less nor more heat is desirable and is essential for making a drug safe and efficacious. KEYWORDS: Rajata Yoga, Rasa Tarangini, Standardization, Prameha. INTRODUCTION Many studies on human civilization reveal that various herbal and mineral drugs to find an effective metals were first identified just after the Stone Age. They treatment for Prameha. So to fulfill the expectations from were used for making house hold utensils, hunting tools, Ayurvedic Rasa Shastra field and to find out more effective knives etc. After recognition of their therapeutic and safe therapy for Prameha, the formulation ‘Rajata properties, various processing techniques were developed Yoga’ was selected for present work. Rajata Yoga is in order to make them suitable for human body and for the mentioned in Rajata Vignaniyam adhyaya 71st slokha treatment of various ailments. Different manufacturing pp.367 in Rasa Tarangini. processes like Shodhana, Marana, Jarana, Mardana AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY: (trituration), Bhavana (soaking with liquid and triturating  Pharmaceutical Standardization of various steps till drying), Nirvapana (heating and quenching), involved in the preparation of Rajata Yoga. Prakshalana (washing), Bharjana (frying), PruthakkiMATERIAL AND METHODS: karana (separation), Galana (filtration) etc, are adopted Chief reference: Pandit Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini for this processing. All these procedures play a significant by Pranacharya Sri Sadananda Sharma, Motilal and vital role in converting these metals & minerals into Banarasidas; New Delhi. Reprint: 2014; pp.367; Rajata safe, non-toxic and efficacious form. Prameha as a disease Vignaniyam- Slokha No:71. itself is having a peculiar type of Samprapti. A great deal of work has also been done by Ayurvedic research scholars on Table 1: Total Pharmaceutical study was carried out in five stages Stage I

Samanya(R.R.S 5/13) and Visesha Shodhana of Rajata Patra (R.T 6/16) Shodhana of Parada (R.T 5/34-35) Shodhana of Gandhaka (R.S.S 1/125-126)

Stage II

Kajjali Nirmana with Shodita Parada and Shodita Gandhaka.(R.R.S 8/52)

Stage III

Marana of Visesha Shodita Rajata Patra. (R.T.26-28/16)

Stage IV

Twak, Ela and Patra churna nirmana. (Sh.M.Kh.6/12)

Stage V

Preparation of Rajata Yoga by mixing of fine churnas of Twak, Ela and Patra with Rajata bhasma in a Khalwa yantra thoroughly until homogenous mixture is obtained. (R.T. 71/16)

(R.T – Rasa Tarangini, R.R.S – Rasa Ratna Samuchaya, R.S.S – Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Sh. M.Kh – Sharangadhara Madhyama Khanda) IJAPR | August 2017 | Vol 5 | Issue 8

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M.Durga Bhavani, Ch.Sridurga. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Rajata Yoga

Rajata Yoga preparation Reference Materials Method/ Principle Apparatus

Rasa Tarangini – Rajata Vignaniyam 71/16. Rajata bhasma– 45g, Trijataka churna – 900g Shodhana, Marana and Churna nirmana Gas Stove, Iron ladle, Steel vessel, Khalwa yantra, Knife, cloth, Multani mitti, measuring jar, wide mouthed earthen pot, cow dung cakes, spoon, Sharava, sieve.

Procedure  Samanya Shodhana of Rajata Patra was carried out by heating the Rajata Patra to red hot and quenching them subsequently into Tila Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulattha Kwatha for seven times in each. After every Nirvapa, the liquid medium was changed.  Visesha Shodhana was carried out by placing the Samanya Shoditha Rajata patra in an iron ladle and heating to red hot and then dipping them in a vessel containing Agastya patra Swarasa. This process was repeated for 2 more times by taking fresh Agastya patra swarasa each time.  Parada was mixed with equal quantity of Sarja kshara, Yava Kshara and Tankana and Mardana was carried out by addition of sufficient quantity of Ardraka swarasa and Nagavalli swarasa for 3 days. After trituration for three days, the mixture was washed with hot water to obtain Shudha Parada.  Shodhana of Gandhaka was done by pounding it in a Khalwa yantra to form coarse powder. Cow’s milk was poured in the wide mouthed earthen pot.  The mouth of pot was covered with double layered cotton cloth and Gandhaka was spread evenly over it. Earthen lid was placed over the pot and sealed with fuller’s earth. The pot was buried up to the neck level in a pit and 8 Cow dung cakes were arranged above it.  After ignition of Cow dung cakes, Gandhaka melted and dropped into milk through the cloth. After selfcooling, the apparatus was removed out of the pit and opened. Purified Gandhaka was collected at bottom of the pot in form of small pellets and washed in hot water and dried.  Equal quantity of Shudha Parada and Shudha Gandhaka were taken in a Khalwa yantra and triturated till Siddha Lakshanas of Kajjali are attained.  Marana of Visesha Shodhita Rajata Patras was done by triturating Visesha shodhita Rajata patra in a Khalwa yantra with equal quantity of Kajjali and sufficient quantity of Kumari Swarasa as bhavana dravya.  Chakrikas of uniform size were prepared and dried well. They were kept in Sharava and subjected to Sandhibandhana. Sharavasamputa was kept in sunlight for drying.  After drying it was subjected to Laghu Puta (8 upalas). Whole procedure was repeated until it attains Bhasma lakshanas. Totally 25 Putas were given during the whole procedure to attain Rajata bhasma.  Dried Twak, Ela and Patra were thoroughly checked for any external impurities, worms and insects. Later they were taken in Khalwa yantra and pounded separately. The pounded material was sieved through a cloth to obtain very fine powder.

 Trijataka churna was prepared by taking equal quantities of Twak, Ela and Patra churnas in a Khalwa yantra and mixing well to form a homogenous mixture.  Trijataka churna (900g) & Rajata Bhasma (45g) were taken in Khalwa Yantra mixed properly to form a homogenous mixture (Rajata Yoga). Observations 1. During Samanya shodhana, the metallic glaze was decreased in Rajata patra. Rajata Patra looked dull white and became brittle after Samanya Shodhana. 2. During Vishesa Shodhana in Agastya patra swarasa, hissing sound was noticed and Patra became soft and fragile after Visesha Shodhana. 3. During Shodhana of Parada, 25ml each of Ardraka and Nagavalli swarasa were consumed on first day, whereas on the second and third day 50 ml each of Nagavalli and Ardraka swarasa were consumed. 4. Initially the mixture was creamy white in colour, later it turned to dark green colour. 5. By the end of first day, Parada was completely mixed with the Sarja kshara, Yava kshara and Tankana and the mixture turned into paste. After Shodhana, shining of Parada increased. 6. After Shodhana colour of Gandhaka turned to bright yellow. Gandhaka was collected as fine pellets. 7. In Kajjali Nirmana, mixture turned black after three hours of Mardana. After 15 hours Kajjali was checked for shine under the sun and small globules of mercury could be clearly observed. It took 42 hours for complete loss of shine and other characters of Kajjali to develop. 8. In Rajata marana, Nischandratva (lusterless) of Rajata bhasma was attained after whole process. 9. Laghutva (lightness) and Mrudutwa for Rajata bhasma were attained after the whole process. Varitaratva attained partially after 12th Puta and completely after 23rd Puta. 10. Rekhapurnatwa was attained after 8th Puta. Maximum temperature (514 ˚c) was attained after 30 minutes. Precautions  The quantity of Dravadravyas taken for each Nirvapa should be sufficient to immerse the Rajata patra completely. Heating should be intense so as to make the Rajata patra red hot. In each quenching the Dravadravya should be changed.  During Shodhana of Parada, triturating should be done with utmost care to prevent spillage. Washing should be done carefully to avoid loss of Parada.

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Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(8):28-36  During the Shodhana of Gandhaka, temperature should  In Kajjali nirmana, Mardana should be done carefully be maintained around the melting point of Gandhaka. to avoid spilling.  Milk level in vessel should be sufficient to  During Marana of Rajata, Sandhi bandhana should be accommodate sedimentation of Gandhaka. done properly. Temperature should be noted at regular intervals. Sharava should be kept at the centre  Gandhaka pellets should be washed properly with of the pit. warm water and dried. Result Table 1: Showing the changes in weight of various practical’s in the preparation of Rajata Yoga Name of the practical Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Loss in weight (g) Rajata Shodhana 50 48 2 Parada Shodhana 250 223 27 Gandhaka Shodhana 250 240 10 Kajjali Nirmana 400 390 10 Twak churna Nirmana 1000 980 20 Ela Churna Nirmana 1000 900 100 Patra churna Nirmana 1000 980 20 Rajata Yoga Nirmana Trijataka- 900g, Rajata bhasma–45g 945 0 Table 2: Showing the Heating pattern of Laghu Puta Time (in minutes) Temperature (in Degrees Celsius) 0 36 10 119 20 240 30 514 40 442 50 270 60 180 70 136 80 86 90 54 110 44 120 36 Table 3: Showing change in weight of Rajata with respect to Puta Puta No. Weight of Chakrikas (g) Weight Loss Loss % (g) After Bhavana After Puta 1 5 10 15 20 25

96 132 162 128 118 98

Puta 3 4 5 8

94 2 2.08 130 2 2.08 156 6 3.7 115 13 10.15 106 12 10.16 90 8 8.16 Table 4: Showing Varitaratva Puta Varitaratva 12 + 15 ++ 18 +++ 23 ++++ Table No. 5 Showing Rekhapurnatwa Rekhapurnatwa + ++ +++ ++++ Available online at: http://ijapr.in

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M.Durga Bhavani, Ch.Sridurga. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Rajata Yoga

Graph No.1 Showing the Heating pattern of Laghu Puta

Heating pattern of Laghu puta 600

514

500

442

400 300

240

Heating pattern of Laghu Puta

180

200 100

270

119

136 86

36

54 44 36

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 110 120 DISCUSSION The pharmaceutical procedures adopted in this study are Shodhana, Marana and Churna nirmana. Shodhana is done for Rajata, Parada and Gandhaka. Shodhana is done to convert materials into suitable form for further procedures, to remove visible & invisible impurities, to reduce the toxicity and to enhance the therapeutic properties[1]. Marana of Rajata was done with Sama guna gandhaka kajjali and Kumari swarasa (Bhavana dravya) to make it adaptable, absorbable and assimilable in body. Churna Nirmana is done for Twak, Ela and Patra. Parada Shodhana  Substances having Ushna, Tikshna, Kshara, Amla and Lavana property are considered as purifiers (Sarva malaharah Kshara).[2] Kshara is an alkaline substance; it may be helpful in removing external and internal impurities of Mercury.  Kshara traya includes Sarja Kshara, Yava Kshara and Tankan.[3]  Because of alkalinity, these substances help in the corrosion of unwanted material from the Dravya.  Nagavalli possess Kshara guna by which it might be helpful in minimizing the toxic qualities of Mercury.[4]  Swarasa of Ardraka is used in the Swedana Samskara of Parada by which it can be said that it may be useful in the “Mala Saithilya Karana” of Parada.[5] Gandhaka Shodhana  Gandhaka Shodhana includes melting and dropping of Gandhaka.  Sulphur turns into liquid at 115.21°C. However, at that temperature, arsenic sulphides (Orpiment M.P 310°C, Realgar M.P 360°C) which are the chief impurities of Sulphur stay back in cloth and liquid sulphur flows freely through fine pores.  Agni by cow dung cakes ensures uniform spreading of temperature and prevents Sulphur to get in contact with external oxygen, which otherwise causes oxidation and considerable weight loss.

 Gandhaka is highly Pitta vardhaka. Milk is Vata Pitta shamaka Dravya, Vishahara and Rasayana[6]. It can remove Visha doshas of Gandhaka and enhance Rasayana property of Gandhaka. Final cleaning with hot water removes greasy remnants of milk. Kajjali  Kajjali was checked for loss of shine at various stages of preparation and Mardana was done until it turned lusterless. Rajata Samanya Shodhana  According to Rasa Tarangini, Ashudha Rajata Bhasma when taken internally causes Vidbandha, Angasadha, Virya nasha and Shakti nasha.[7]  Shodhana procedure makes Rajata free from fat soluble and water soluble impurities and makes it suitable for next procedure i.e. Marana.  Repeated heating and quenching in specific media in specific order (pH: acidic, acidic, basic, acidic and basic) disrupts the compression tension equilibrium in the internal structure of Rajata which leads to cracks on its surface (Griffith theory, Stress corrosion theory and Theory of thermal expansion).[8]  Rajata patra were cut into small pieces to facilitate more surface area to get exposed to the heat and liquids. Visesha Shodhana of Rajata  Agastya patra Swarasa was taken as a liquid media for Nirvapa in Visesha Shodhana process.  It was found that the Sesbania grandiflora leaves extract contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, diterpenes, triterpenoids, glycosides and phenols. The presence of these biologically active constituents shows the antidiabetic and anti oxidant properties in a study conducted in STZ induced experimental Diabetic rats.[9]  Nirvapa in Agastya Patra swarasa may enhance the Pramehagna property in Rajata patras.

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Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(8):28-36 Rajata Marana reaction in which electrons are transferred, thereby oxidizing some atoms, and reducing others [16].  Metallic drugs should always be reduced to Bhasma form for internal use. Main aim of Marana is to make  Sulphur readily reacts with metals (by reducing) Kajjali react with Rajata and reduce it to Bhasma form. because of its valency i.e. 2 and tends to gain electrons and becomes S-2. Metals oxidize by sharing its  Marana makes Shodhita dravayas adaptable, electrons of outer orbits. Rapidity of these reactions absorbable and assimilable for the body. During this depends upon temperature and pressure. If metals are procedure, various physico-chemical changes take allowed to react with Sulphur in open air most of the place gradually and after repeated processing metals sulphur reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form change into such forms that are suitable for internal oxides. administration. [10]  Blackish red colour of Rajata Bhasma may be due to  After Visesha Shodhana, Rajata Patras became more presence of Cinnabar (HgS) & Silver Sulphide (Ag2S). brittle. After completion of first 2 incinerations, Rajata Since sulphur is an accompaniment to the metal in the Patras became coarse powder which later easily mixed Bhasma preparation, Rajata is converted to its with Kajjali while doing Bhavana with Kumari swarasa sulphide form in major. Some part of Kajjali on to form Chakrikas. subjecting to repeated Puta converts into Cinnabar Role of Kumari swarasa bhavana (Mercuric Sulphide).  Wet trituration facilitates particle size reduction and  So as a whole, Rajata Bhasma is the combination of homogenization leading to modification of properties sulphides of Silver and Mercury which gives Blackish (Gunantatradhana) of the end product. Bhavana helps red colour to it. in increasing the therapeutic efficacy by converting the  Nischandratwa, Varitaratwa and Rekhapurnatwa for Bhavya dravyas into smaller particles and adding the Rajata Bhasma were checked after every Puta. Rajata trace elements in Bhasma and converting a metal into Marana was done till all the Bhasma lakshanas were a Herbo-metallic compound [11]. obtained.  Kumari is having Tikta Rasa, Katu Vipaka and Kapha Nischandratwa, Laghutwa and Mrudutwa was Vatahara properties. It is also having properties like [12] obtained after whole process, Rekhapurnatwa was Bhedana, Chakshushya, Rasayana and Vrushya. By obtained after 8th Puta, Varitaratwa was obtained after virtue of its Guna, it helps in enhancing the 23rd Puta. Pramehagna property of Rajata bhasma. CONCLUSION  Aloe Vera can increase insulin sensitivity in the cells which reduce the level of blood glucose and insulin in  Rajata Yoga is one of the Kharaliya Rasayana in which serum. [13] Rajata bhasma, Twak, Ela and Patra churnas are the main ingredients.  After attaining Subhavita lakshanas, Chakrikas were prepared of uniform size and shape to facilitate  The combination of all these drugs synergistically acts uniform distribution of heat during the Putapaka. together to pacify the symptoms of Prameha as all are These Chakrikas were dried properly, subjected to having the Pramehagna property. Sharava samputikarana, and then subjected to Laghu  Pharmaceutical standardization is the first step puta. towards standardization of any drug. So it should be  Puta is the heating system and heating schedule which done with utmost accuracy. This leads to indicates the quantum of heat required by the Rasadi reproducibility of drug and production of safe and dravyas for their conversion into suitable form efficacious drug. (Bhasma). REFERENCES  Neither less nor excess heat is desired i.e. the desired 1. Pandita Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini by quantum of heat is needed to be applied for making it Pranacharya Sri Sadananda Sharma, Motilal converted to desired form suitable for internal use [14]. Banarasidas, New Delhi. Reprint: 2014;pp. 24.  According to classics Agni mentioned for Marana of 2. Dr. Indradev Tripati, Rasarnava or Rasatantram by Rajata is Kukkuta Puta[15]. But in the present study Pandit Taradatta Panta Ayurvedacharya, Choukambha Laghu Puta has been selected for preparation of Rajata Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi; pp. 62. Bhasma. 3. Pandita Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini by  The maximum temperature recorded during Puta was Pranacharya Sri Sadananda Sharma, Motilal 514°C and it was maintained for a period of 3-4 Banarasidas, New Delhi. Reprint: 2014;pp. 12. minutes. After that, gradual fall in temperature was 4. Sri Bhavamisra, Bhava prakash Nighantu (Indian noted. Materia Medica) by Padmashri K.C. Chunekar, Edited by Late Dr. G.S. Pandey, Choukambha Bharati  The material turned to soft powder without any Academy, Varanasi. Reprint: 2015; pp. 260. lusture after complete process, which indicates that the temperature was sufficient for the formation of the 5. Pandita Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini by desired compound. Pranacharya Sri Sadananda Sharma, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. Reprint: 2014;pp.75.  Most of the reactions that happen between metals and Sulphur are Redox type. Redox is a kind of Available online at: http://ijapr.in

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6.

Sri Bhavamisra, Bhava prakash Nighantu (Indian Materia Medica) by Padmashri K.C. Chunekar, Edited by Late Dr. G.S. Pandey, Choukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi. Reprint: 2015; pp. 672. 7. Pandita Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini by Pranacharya Sri Sadananda Sharma, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. Reprint: 2014;pp. 376. 8. A.A. Griffith, M. Eng. - The phenomena of ruptures and flow in solids. Published 1 January 1921: The Royal Society; Print ISSN–1364–503X; DOI: https://doi.org /10.1098/rsta.1921.0006. 9. A. Sangeeta, G. Sriram Prashanth and S. SubramanianAntihyperglycemic and Antioxidant potentials of Sesbania Grandiflora leaves studied in STZ induced experimental diabetic rats; IJPSR published: 01-June2014; DOI: http://dx.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232. 5 (6). 2266-75. 10. Sri Vagbhataacharya, Rasa Ratna Samuchaya by Dr. Indra dev Tripati, Choukambha sanskrita Samsthan; Varanasi. Reprint 2013; pp. 53. 11. Sri Vagbhataacharya, Rasa Ratna Samuchaya by Dr. Indra dev Tripati, Choukambha sanskrita Samsthan; Varanasi. Reprint 2013; pp. 66.

12. Sri Bhavamisra, Bhava prakash Nighantu (Indian Materia Medica) by Padmashri K.C. Chunekar, Edited by Late Dr. G.S. Pandey, Choukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi. Reprint: 2015; pp. 404-406. 13. Kim Kwanghee & et al - Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidimic effects of processed Aloe Vera gel in a mouse model of non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus: Elsevier; Science Direct; DOI:10.1016/j. phymed.2009.02.014; available online at www.Sciencedirect.com. 14. Srimadh Upadhyaya Madhava, Ayurveda Prakash by Sri Gularaja Sharma; Choukambha Bharati Academy; Varanasi. Reprint: 2014; pp. 355. 15. Sri Vagbhataacharya, Rasa Ratna Samuchaya by Dr. Indra dev Tripati, Choukambha sanskrita Samsthan; Varanasi. Reprint 2013; pp. 114. 16. R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot; Transport phenomena Revised 2nd edition- Wiley EText; ISBN 978-0-470-11539-8; 928 pages; November 2006.

Cite this article as: M.Durga Bhavani, Ch.Sridurga. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Rajata Yoga. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2017;5(8):28-36. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

*Address for correspondence Dr M.Durga Bhavani P.G Scholar Final year, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaisajya kalpana, S.V.Ayurvedic College, T.T.D, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected] Phone no. 9908153898

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Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(8):28-36 IMAGES SHOWING THE PREPARATION OF RAJATA YOGA PARADA SHODHANA

Ashudha Parada

Addition of Ksharatraya to Parada

Mardana with Nagavalli & Ardraka swarasa

Shudha Parada

GANDHAKA SHODHANA

Ashudha Gandhaka

Gandhaka is placed over cloth tied to the pot

Ignited cow dung cakes over the Sharava

Pot is sealed with Sharava

Shodhita Gandhaka

KAJJALI NIRMANA

Mardana of Parada with Samaguna Gandhaka

Kajjali

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M.Durga Bhavani, Ch.Sridurga. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Rajata Yoga

SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA OF RAJATA PATRA

Small pieces of Rajata patra taken in iron ladle

Takra

Kulattha kwatha

Rajata Patra heated to red hot

Tila Taila

Gomutra

Kanji

Agastya patra swarasa

Nirvapana was done in above liquids

MARANA OF VISESHA SHODITHA RAJATA PATRA

Bhavana of Visesha Shodhita Rajata & Kajjali with Kumari swarasa

Chakrika Nirmana

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Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(8):28-36

Sandhibandana

Rajata bhasma

Laghu puta

Varitaratva

Rekhapurnatwa

CHURNA NIRMANA

Twak churna

Ela churna

Patra churna

RAJATA YOGA NIRMANA

Mixing of Trijataka churna with Rajata bhasma

Rajata yoga

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